RF MODULE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER INTERFACING WITH ARDUNIO

In this blog you will learn how to interface radio frequency transmitter and receiver module with Arduino, how to send DATA from Radio frequency Transmitter – Receiver. A RF-signal refers to a wireless electromagnetic signal used as a form of communication and radio waves are used as a form of electromagnetic radiation with radio frequencies with range of 3Hz – 300GHz Click here to continue reading

STARLINK

Starlink is a SpaceX-operated satellite broadband constellation that provides satellite Internet connectivity to the majority of the Earth's surface. By mid-2021, the constellation will have grown to over 1600 satellites, with tens of thousands of mass-produced tiny satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) communicating with authorised ground transceivers. While satellite internet service is technically feasible for the majority of the world's population, it can only be supplied in nations where SpaceX has been granted a licence to provide service inside a specific national jurisdiction. The beta service is accessible in 14 countries as of August 2021.Click here for continue reading

WI-VI (WIRELESS VISION)

 Wi-Vi is one among the foremost modern technologies that modifies the Wi-Fi technology to form the concept of wireless vision possible.

The main idea behind this Wi-Vi is tracking and manipulation of reflected Wi-Fi Signal. There-fore it is also called as adaption of SONAR or RADAR.

In earlier technologies to map over the obstacles we need an array of special antennas, but it is more and more expensive. Here Wi-Vi uses simpler devices to receive signals. Click here to continue reading

UNDERWATER WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

 Today, The technology of Wireless communication  has become part of our daily life, but still the idea of wireless undersea communications seem unachievable. However, several researches are going over a decade on designing the methods for wireless data transmission underwater. Our knowledge and understanding about the world’s water resources mainly oceans which covers the major part of our planet, rests on our ability to gather information from remote undersea locations. In the past decades, the major discovery which we all are familiar is the remains of TITANIC, was made using cabled submersibles. Although such system remains very important, if high-speed communication link is to exists between the remote end and the surface, it is natural to wonder what one could accomplish without the use  of heavy cables. Here comes our topic , Wireless Underwater Communications.  With the help of sensor technology and vehicular technology, wireless communications will enable new applications ranging from environmental monitoring to gathering of oceanographic data, marine archaeology, and search and rescue missions.

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SINGLE-ELECTRON TRANSISTOR

To avoid problems like power consumption challenges, high-performance, high-density chip design, and faster and more processing in transistors Mitri Averin and Konstantin Likharev proposed a new three-terminal device called single-electron tunneling transistor. Two years later Theodore Fulton and Gerald Dolan at Bells Lab in the US created this device and demonstrated its working and operation.

Single Electron Transistor (SET) is a three-terminal device which can transfer.............Click here to continue reading

ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE [OLED] TECHNOLOGY

 OLED Technology:

Organic Light Emitting Diodes  are generally  solid state devices which is composed of thin films of organic molecules that are 100 to 500 nanometers thick. They are self emitting, like LEDS they do not require any backlight and filters. OLED emits light with the application of electricity.

Working of OLED Technology:

• Apply voltage across the anode and cathode.
• The generated current starts flowing from cathode to anode through the organic layers.
• Then from emissive layer of cathode electrons starts to flow.
• Leaving holes in the conductive layer electrons get removed.
• Those holes jump into emissive layer, finally electrons and hole combine and then light will be emitted with the application of electricity.

Features of OLED Technology:

• Flexibility
• Light weight
• Consume low power
• They are more efficient, much thinner and has wide viewing angle.

Applications of OLED :

• Televisions
• Computer Screens
• Mobile Screens 
• Keyboards
• Portable Device Displays

Pros of OLED:

• OLEDs are very thin and light to use. The display qualities are brighter than LEDs , thereby reducing power consumption.
• The light emitting layers are very light in order to make them more flexible.
• Provides a large viewing angle of 170 degrees.
• They maintain high consistency of speed.
• They are less resistive.
• OLEDs have a great picture quality with brilliant colours, infinite contrast and fast response rate.

Cons of OLED:

• The main drawback of OLED is, that they are only usable for limited lifespan.
• The displays of OLED are easily damaged by water, that leads to low adoption in display.
• Expensive manufacturing technologies.
• Limited market availability.

Conclusion:

The OLED will replace current LCD and LED technologies and evolve as the display for upcoming generations. When OLED technology reaches its peak, it will be better to improve certain existing limitations of LED and LCD.

SPACE COMMUNICATION

 Space Communication:

           Communication is more important to astronauts(or spacecraft) while they are in space because they have to communicate to their team who are in the ground so that they can complete their mission.

What is space communication?

            The Communications between vehicle or astronauts in outer space and Earth. Here the high frequency radio waves is used to communicate. Space communication depends on two things, the transmitter and the receiver.

Transmitter -  It encodes the message into electro magnetic waves.

Receiver - It collects electro magnetic wave and  decodes the message. 

Why we have to use high frequency waves?

          Because the space  communication is from million or  billion miles away ,the atmosphere acts to bend these rays and bounce them back towards earth, so that they can travel all over the world.

 Major reasons to use high frequency waves:

1. It gives greater pointing accuracy.
2. It minimises ionospheric effects.
3. It allows larger bandwidth(passes more information per unit of time).

How do astronauts communicate in space?

          We know that sound cannot travel through space(vacuum).So that the astronauts in space cannot communicate. But it is essential to communicate with the other crew members(other astronauts) and the team in the earth .Since radio waves propagate through vacuum , they fit devices in their helmets which converts sound waves into radio waves and transmit it to other astronauts or to the ground.

How do we receive and send signal to space?

          Spacecraft send information and pictures to earth using  Deep Space Network (DSN). DSN is the collection of big radio antenna from different parts of world. It is evenly spaced around the planet(as earth turns, it won't lost the sight of space craft). Spacecraft send images and other information to these big antennas. The antennas also receive details about where the spacecraft are and how they are doing. The DSN also sends list of instructions to the spacecraft. Once the data is received at DSN site, the data is processed and shared.

Role of amateur radio(HAM) in space communication:

          Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) - operating in the Amateur-satellite service. Amateur radio operators all over the world are able to speak directly to astronauts through  their mobile or home radio stations. It is also possible to send digital data to the space station through same radio and antenna connected to laptop or computer.